Dr. Shaw Shiau PhD blog 蕭聿謙醫師,蕭博士,蕭同學,蕭先生的 部落格 網誌 置頂: https://helloshiau.blogspot.com/2019/05/blog-post.html https://www.facebook.com/helloshiau https://www.youtube.com/user/helloshiau/videos
2021年6月14日 星期一
2021年4月8日 星期四
Covid-19 新冠病毒 感染症的近期 更新訊息 2021-02-19
Covid-19 新冠病毒 感染症的近期 更新訊息 2021-02-19
UpToDate 2020-12-17 最新研究彙整:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-clinical-features
*** 新冠肺炎的無症狀病人,大約佔所有確診者的 30 - 40%。
81% 輕症,無肺炎或輕微肺炎。
14% 重症,呼吸困難,低血氧,或 >50% 在 24 - 48小時內出現肺影像異常。
5% 危急,呼吸衰竭,休克,或多重器官衰竭。
死亡率 2.3%
輕症與重症無死亡案例。
●Mild disease (no or mild pneumonia) was reported in 81 percent.
●Severe disease (eg, with dyspnea, hypoxia, or >50 percent lung involvement on imaging within 24 to 48 hours) was reported in 14 percent.
●Critical disease (eg, with respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction) was reported in 5 percent.
●The overall case fatality rate was 2.3 percent; no deaths were reported among noncritical cases.
*** 重症的危險因子:
● 年紀大: 70歲以上比較危險,比較嚴重。小孩與青春期通常輕症。
● 有共病較危險:
• 心血管疾病 Cardiovascular disease
• 糖尿病 Diabetes mellitus
• 高血壓 Hypertension
• 慢性肺疾 Chronic lung disease
• 癌症 Cancer (in particular hematologic malignancies, lung cancer, and metastatic disease) [66]
• 慢性腎病 Chronic kidney disease
• 肥胖症 Obesity
• 抽菸 Smoking
● 社經背景與性別:
男性得病率與危急率較高。
黑人、西班牙裔、南亞種族得病率與死亡率較高。
社經地位無差別。
● Laboratory abnormalities 檢驗異常 預後較差
•Lymphopenia 淋巴球低下
•Thrombocytopenia 血小板低下
•Elevated liver enzymes 肝酵素升高(肝功能異常)
•Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 乳酸脫氫酶升高
•Elevated inflammatory markers (eg, C-reactive protein [CRP], ferritin) and inflammatory cytokines (ie, interleukin 6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha) 發炎標誌升高
•Elevated D-dimer (>1 mcg/mL) D-D 雙合試驗升高
•Elevated prothrombin time (PT) 凝血酵素原時間升高
•Elevated troponin 肌鈣蛋白升高
•Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) 肌酸磷酸激酶升高
•Acute kidney injury 急性腎損傷
● Viral Factors 病毒 RNA量多則比較嚴重
*** CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 臨床表現:
● Incubation period 潛伏期: 大部分 4 - 5 天,很少超過 14天。
● Initial presentation 初期表現:
初期較多咳嗽、肌肉痛、頭痛,其他如:腹瀉、喉嚨痛、嗅覺或味覺異常。
肺炎是較嚴重感染的表徵,主要包括:發燒、咳嗽、呼吸困難、與肺部影像雙側浸潤。
統計 37萬人的症狀:
●Cough in 50 percent 咳嗽
●Fever (subjective or >100.4°F/38°C) in 43 percent 發燒
●Myalgia in 36 percent 肌肉痛
●Headache in 34 percent 頭痛
●Dyspnea in 29 percent 呼吸困難
●Sore throat in 20 percent 喉嚨痛
●Diarrhea in 19 percent 腹瀉
●Nausea/vomiting in 12 percent 噁心,嘔吐
●Loss of smell or taste, abdominal pain, and rhinorrhea in fewer than 10 percent each 嗅覺或味覺喪失,腹痛、流鼻水,小於 10%
● Course and complications 病程與併發症:
●Respiratory failure – Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the major complication
呼吸衰竭
●Cardiac and cardiovascular complications – Other complications have included arrhythmias, acute cardiac injury, and shock
心血管併發症
●Thromboembolic complications – Thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism and acute stroke
血栓栓塞併發症
●Neurologic complications – Encephalopathy is a common complication of COVID-19, particularly among critically ill patients
神經學併發症,最常見腦炎
●Inflammatory complications – Some patients with severe COVID-19 have laboratory evidence of an exuberant inflammatory response, with persistent fevers, elevated inflammatory markers (eg, D-dimer, ferritin), and elevated proinflammatory cytokines; these laboratory abnormalities have been associated with critical and fatal illnesses
發炎併發症
●Secondary infections – Secondary infections do not appear to be common complications of COVID-19 overall, although data are limited [143,144]. In a review of nine studies, mainly from China, the reported rate of bacterial or fungal coinfections was 8 percent (in 62 of 806); these included mainly respiratory infections and bacteremia
二次感染。不常見,但有報告 8% 有細菌或黴菌的同時感染。
● 輕症者常在二週內恢復。
● 重症常需要二至三個月恢復。
● 最常見的持續症狀包括:疲倦、呼吸困難、胸痛、咳嗽、與認知異常。
某些資料顯示有可能有呼吸異常與心臟後遺症。
● 有些病人恢復之後,呈現持續或是反覆的核酸檢驗陽性。
雖然復發或重新感染的可能性不能完全排除,但是證據顯示可能性不高。
● LABORATORY FINDINGS 檢驗表現 (與前述差不多)
● IMAGING FINDINGS 影像表現
● Chest radiographs – 胸部X光
香港的研究,20%病人的整個病程胸部X光都正常。
Common abnormal radiograph findings were consolidation and ground-glass opacities, with bilateral, peripheral, and lower lung zone distributions; lung involvement increased over the course of illness, with a peak in severity at 10 to 12 days after symptom onset.
● Chest CT – 胸部電腦斷層
雖然胸部電腦斷層比胸部X光靈敏,但胸部電腦斷層仍然無法得到疾病的確診。
● Chest CT in patients with COVID-19 most commonly demonstrates ground-glass opacification.
胸部電腦斷層常見的表現:
●Ground-glass opacifications – 83 percent
●Ground-glass opacifications with mixed consolidation – 58 percent
●Adjacent pleural thickening – 52 percent
●Interlobular septal thickening – 48 percent
●Air bronchograms – 46 percent
● Lung ultrasound – 肺部超音波 – 其他檢查無法取得時可做。
● SPECIAL POPULATIONS 特殊族群
● Pregnant and breastfeeding women — 懷孕與哺乳婦女
預防、評估、診斷、治療與一般人差不多。
● Children — 小孩 — 有症狀的不多,另看專文。
● People with HIV — 後天免疫不全病毒 HIV 感染者 另看專文。
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 總結與建議
●The clinical spectrum of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection ranges from asymptomatic infection to critical and fatal illness. The proportion of infections that are asymptomatic is uncertain, as the definition of "asymptomatic" varies across studies and longitudinal follow-up to identify those who ultimately develop symptoms is often not performed. Nevertheless, some estimates suggest that up to 40 percent of infections are asymptomatic. (See 'Asymptomatic infections' above.)
感染者由無症狀,危急,至病危都有。
●Most symptomatic infections are mild. Severe disease (eg, with hypoxia and pneumonia) has been reported in 15 to 20 percent of symptomatic infections; it can occur in otherwise healthy individuals of any age, but predominantly occurs in adults with advanced age or certain underlying medical comorbidities (table 1). In North America and Europe, Black, Hispanic, and South Asian individuals are also more likely to have severe disease, likely related to underlying disparities in the social determinants of health. (See 'Severity of symptomatic infection' above.)
大部分輕症。
●The incubation period from the time of exposure until the onset of symptoms is four to five days on average, but may be as long as 14 days. (See 'Incubation period' above.)
潛伏期 大部分 4 - 5 天,但可以長到 14天。
●Cough, myalgias, and headache are the most commonly reported symptoms. Other features, including diarrhea, sore throat, and smell or taste abnormalities, are also well described (table 3). Pneumonia, with fever, cough, dyspnea, and infiltrates on chest imaging, is the most frequent serious manifestation of infection. There are no specific clinical features that can yet reliably distinguish COVID-19 from other viral respiratory infections. (See 'Initial presentation' above.)
●Certain laboratory features, such as lymphopenia, elevated D-dimer, and elevated inflammatory markers have been associated with severe COVID-19 (table 2). (See 'Laboratory abnormalities' above.)
●Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the major complication in patients with severe disease and can manifest shortly after the onset of dyspnea. Many other complications have been reported, including thromboembolic events, acute cardiac injury, kidney injury, and inflammatory complications. (See 'Course and complications' above and "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Critical care and airway management issues", section on 'Clinical features in critically ill patients' and "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Hypercoagulability" and "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evaluation and management of cardiac disease in adults" and "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis".)
●Persistent symptoms following acute COVID-19 are discussed in detail elsewhere. (See "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evaluation and management of adults following acute viral illness", section on 'COVID-19 recovery'.)
●The possibility of COVID-19 should be considered primarily in patients with compatible symptoms (table 3), in particular fever and/or respiratory tract symptoms, who reside in or have traveled to areas with community transmission or who have had recent close contact with a confirmed or suspected individual with COVID-19. If possible, all symptomatic patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection should undergo testing. Testing for and diagnosis of COVID-19 are discussed in detail elsewhere. (See "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Diagnosis", section on 'Diagnostic approach'.)
有類似症狀即需考慮是否為新冠病毒 Covid-19 感染
●When COVID-19 is suspected, infection control measures should be implemented. Infection control in the home and in health care settings is discussed in detail elsewhere. (See "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Infection control in health care and home settings", section on 'Infection control in the health care setting'.)
懷疑新冠病毒 Covid-19 感染即需採取感控措施。
***********************************************************************
*** Covid-19 新冠肺炎的嚴重病人,使用 Bevacizumab (Avastin) 治療可以改善病況。
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21085-8.pdf
http://www.tccf.org.tw/old/medecine/nm_29.htm
***********************************************************************
*** Covid-19 新冠肺炎的輕症病人,大約 1/3病人會有持續 6 週的症狀。
瑞士日內瓦的醫院統計 669位新冠肺炎的輕症病人,發現大約 1/3病人會有持續 6 週的症狀,
14% 疲倦,12% 喪失嗅覺,9%呼吸急促,6% 持續咳嗽,3%頭痛。
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-5926
2021-02-19
2020年12月31日 星期四
2020年 我在 2月15日寫的 預感
******************************************
2020年 的 預感
2020年元旦那幾天,
開始感覺2020年,可能不會太順利...
黑鷹直升機掉下來,
川普打伊朗:
https://udn.com/news/story/6813/4266887
澳洲到處森林大火:
https://www.facebook.com/97548423605/posts/10158173186933606/?d=n
火星男孩波力斯卡2020預言;河圖洛書、羊城廣州、獅身人面像耳朵終極秘密
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2oBfc_FxGs
Bashar :: 2020: The Eye of The Storm - Highlights (風暴的眼睛)
巴夏都說轉變很劇烈,
農曆年節期間也爆發了疫情,
COVID-19全球破6萬例!湖北單日暴增1萬多人確診、242死
https://www.msn.com/zh-tw/news/world/covid-19%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%A0%B46%E8%90%AC%E4%BE%8B%EF%BC%81%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E5%96%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%9A%B4%E5%A2%9E1%E8%90%AC%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E7%A2%BA%E8%A8%BA%E3%80%81242%E6%AD%BB/ar-BBZWjY4
看來真的需要小心一點。
2020-02-15
*********************************************************
到了 3月中旬,疫情在歐美全世界大爆發了,相當恐怖的!
2020-04-24
2020年11月5日 星期四
Vitamin D Low Level associated with COVID-19 positive for 1.77 times 維他命D 太低得新冠肺炎是 1.77倍
維他命D 的血中濃度,新冠肺炎住院病人 比一般人低,
David O. Meltzer, MD, PhD; Thomas J. Best, PhD; Hui Zhang, PhD; et al
JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2019722. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722
Findings: In this cohort study of 489 patients who had a vitamin D level measured in the year before COVID-19 testing, the relative risk of testing positive for COVID-19 was 1.77 times greater for patients with likely deficient vitamin D status compared with patients with likely sufficient vitamin D status, a difference that was statistically significant.
美國 JAMA 的醫學研究:
維他命D 太低得新冠肺炎 的機率 是 維他命D 正常人的 1.77倍
所以最好偶爾需要曬一下太陽,或是補充 維他命D 製劑。
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2770157
2020-09-14
2020-11-06
2020年10月4日 星期日
COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Summary of Clinical Researches
COVID-19 新冠肺炎 SARS-CoV-2 新冠病毒的臨床研究摘要
High levels of suPAR linked to acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19
COVID-19 新冠肺炎病人的急性腎損傷與血中 suPAR 高濃度有關
2020年9月2日 星期三
Corticosteroids Reduce Mortality Among Critically COVID-19 類固醇 降低 新冠病毒肺炎 死亡率
2020年7月27日 星期一
武漢肺炎 新冠病毒 COVID-19 的皮膚臨床表現 2020-07
2020年5月25日 星期一
武漢肺炎 新冠病毒 COVID-19 醫學研究 的閱讀摘要 2020-02-26
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=covid+19
醫學研究標題:Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China
Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
刊登期刊:JAMA. Published online February 24, 2020.
研究作者:Zunyou Wu, MD, PhD; Jennifer M. McGoogan, PhD
期刊連結:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130
個人摘要:2020年2月24日線上發表,收錄72314病例個案。
死亡率 2.3%
疾病光譜 Spectrum of disease (N = 44 415)
輕症 Mild: 81% (36 160 cases)
重症 Severe: 14% (6168 cases)
危急 Critical: 5% (2087 cases)
年紀大與原先有健康問題的人比較可能變的嚴重。
與SARS 和 MERS 比較,因為輕症與無症狀患者不易檢出,所以預估流行數量會較多。
SARS 和 MERS 的次發感染大多在醫院內,COVID-19 次發感染很多是在社區。
醫學研究標題:Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
刊登期刊:Infect Genet Evol. 2020 Feb 21:104260.
研究作者:Phan T1.
期刊連結:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32092483
個人摘要:作者研究了 86個 SARS-CoV-2 的基因定序,發現病毒在轉錄與非轉錄區域,有很多基因突變與基因序列刪除。研究作者認為病毒的基因有多樣性,而且演化很快。
( 待續 )
參考:
新冠病毒感染 COVID-19 感染 在北京的特徵
https://helloshiau.blogspot.com/2020/03/covid-19-2020-03-02.html
2020-05-14
NIH 美國健康署 開始研究氯奎寧hydroxychloroquine 與日舒錠azithromycin 用於治療武漢肺炎
2020-02-26
2020-05-25
2020年4月15日 星期三
武漢肺炎 新冠病毒 COVID-19 的治療 (review 綜合醫學研究) 2020-04-15
醫學研究標題:Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review.
刊登期刊:JAMA. 2020 Apr 13. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6019.
研究作者:Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, Cutrell JB
期刊連結:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32282022
個人摘要:
2020年4月13日線上發表。
目前尚無確定有效的治療藥物。
Remdesivir 瑞德西韋 有治療潛力,但是美國 FDA尚未核准。
能預防和治療由流感的 特敏福(Tamiflu),學名為奧司他偉(Oseltamivir),目前無有效的報告。
類固醇目前不建議使用。
醫學研究標題:Challenges and cares to promote rational use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a timely review.
刊登期刊:J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2020 Apr 12:1-5. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1752340. [Epub ahead of print].
研究作者:Pereira BB
期刊連結:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32281481
個人摘要:
2020年4月12日線上發表。
本研究作者認為
氯奎寧(Chloroquine)
與
Hydroxychloroquine, 氫氧奎寧或簡稱奎寧,俗稱金雞納霜, 商品名 Plaquenil, 必賴克廔
對於治療是有幫助的。
而 Hydroxychloroquine, 氫氧奎寧 的毒性比較小。
2020-04-15
2020年4月14日 星期二
武漢肺炎 新冠病毒 COVID-19 患者可否使用高血壓藥物? 2020-03-26
Antihypertensive drugs and risk of COVID-19?
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30156-9/fulltext
醫學研究標題:Antihypertensive drugs and risk of COVID-19?
刊登期刊:The Lancet, Published:March 26, 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30156-9.
研究作者:Kevin Bryan Lo, Peter A McCullough, Janani Rangaswami
期刊連結:https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30156-9/fulltext
個人摘要:
2020年3月26日發表。
造成 COVID-19 武漢肺炎 的 新冠病毒 SARS-CoV-2 是經由與 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 血管收縮素轉化酶 結合而進入細胞的。
有幾類高血壓用藥是 angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
血管收縮素轉化酶抑制劑
and 與
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
2020-03-26
2020-04-14
武漢肺炎 新冠病毒 COVID-19 台灣第一個案例 2020-03-16
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664620300449
醫學研究標題:First case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Taiwan.
刊登期刊:Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, Volume 119, Issue 3, March 2020, Pages 747-751
研究作者:Shao-Chung Cheng, Yuan-Chia Chang, Yu-Long Fan Chiang, Yu-Chan Chien, Mingte Cheng, Chin-Hua Yang, Chia-Husn Huang, Yuan-Nian Hsu
期刊連結:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664620300449
個人摘要:
2020年2月18日線上發表。
不想摘譯了,僅留個連結。
2020-02-18
2020-03-16
2020-04-14
武漢肺炎 新冠病毒 COVID-19 臨床變化整理 2020-03
** 重症患者容易併發肝功能異常,但治療後可以恢復正常
** 重症患者容易併發腎功能異常,但治療後可以恢復正常
** 患者淋巴球減少,造成免疫功能異常,但治療後大多恢復正常
這病毒不尋常!張上淳:體內有抗體、呼吸道仍有病毒
黏膜抗體比較多IgA
不知道有沒有關係?
另外這隻病毒其實會攻擊免疫系統!
Covid-19
非典型症狀:失去嗅覺
面對從歐美返台的學生大批入境,校園成了防疫的重要戰場之一。
2月22日到3月8日,案75這位成大學生在陪同德國交換生到德國之後,11日開始發現自己失去嗅覺,到耳鼻喉科診所看診後卻不見改善,最後在16日到成大醫院看診。
失去嗅覺的不只他,美國NBA第一個確診新冠肺炎的爵士隊中鋒戈貝爾(Rudy Gobert)23日也在推特上寫到,自己已經4天沒有嗅覺,「失去嗅覺、味覺一定是症狀之一。」
英國耳鼻喉科協會也在上週五發出警訊,如果有人失去味覺、嗅覺,就算沒有其他新冠肺炎的典型症狀,也應至少隔離7天,避免病毒擴散。
只是,案75就診的當下,這樣的警訊尚未出現,包含德國在內的25個歐盟申根國,也才剛在兩天前調升為第三級警示區域,入境者改為居家檢疫14天。
當時沒有典型症狀的他,因為德國旅遊史而轉到成大醫院篩檢站。根據成大的公告,該同學因此「發現有肺炎跡象」,立刻收治負壓隔離病房,並於16日深夜確診。
謝謝通知!
查了一下,確實有案75這個事情,大家小心,謝謝!
https://www.storm.mg/article/2413354
https://topick.hket.com/article/2597393/%E3%80%90%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E3%80%91%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%80%B3%E9%BC%BB%E5%96%89%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%20%20%20%E5%A4%B1%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA%E6%88%96%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA%E6%88%96%E6%98%AF%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80?mtc=10027
★ 不管有沒有其他症狀,新冠病毒感染者似乎會伴隨一段時間的嗅覺/味覺損失。
★ 即使沒有其他症狀失去/降低嗅覺味覺是COVID-19被感染者的重要表徵。
★ 病毒在鼻腔喉嚨就開始複製,檢查時候可能產生咳嗽導致耳鼻喉科醫生感染風險,包含武漢,伊朗及意大利有許多耳鼻喉科醫師因此受害。韓國數據中有2000感染著,30%有厭食狀態(嗅覺味覺相關)。
★ CDC強烈建議所有耳鼻喉科醫師只從事時間敏感或緊急的醫療照護。
★ 美國病人反應即使鼻子清澈(沒流鼻涕),也聞不到味道。
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/22/health/coronavirus-symptoms-smell-taste.html
2020-03
2020年3月28日 星期六
武漢肺炎 新冠病毒 COVID-19 紐約市的公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師 經驗分享 2020-03-28
武漢肺炎 新冠病毒 COVID-19
我在紐約市的公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師即將完訓,七月開始會做美國感染科次專訓練。目前紐約災情慘重,我所在醫院確診加疑似病人就超過一百人,我這段其間都在顧ICU因此對於重症COVID的照顧也算有心得,我至少照顧過超過20位以上之住院病人,因為在ICU的關係大部分病人都插管,到目前為止,我應該比許多台灣醫生有武漢新冠肺炎治療之實戰經驗。因為台灣目前防疫做的非常好,多半輕症或無症狀隔離,但是我們隨時要準備如果已經是社區流行,那作為醫生該如何care這些病人,因此做個簡單的分享與教學,所以講解的對象應該是以臨床第一線之醫師或NP為主。但我要說很多evidence都不斷更新,以下是盡量有所依據的臨床處理方式,reference就不一一列舉,有些我可能覺得是一般臨床工作者應有的基本概念也許就沒有多加說明,如造成閱讀上不順暢,也請多多包涵。
Dr. Shaw YC Shiau PhD 蕭醫師 蕭博士 蕭同學 首頁 置頂文 標籤 分類搜尋
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